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Background: Coronavirus in 2019 was recognized as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to reports, the mortality rate in people who need mechanical ventilation varies from 50 to 97 percent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of Covid-19 disease based on different characteristics in patients and mechanically ventilated variables. Method(s): This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 160 patients with a definite diagnosis of Covid-19 who were under mechanical ventilation and admitted to the intensive care unit of Alzahra Hospital in Isfahan from March 2020 to March 2021. Data was collected by checklist. The checklist included demographic information, including age, gender, as well as information such as underlying diseases, disease outcome, length of hospitalization, etc. After collecting the data, they were analyzed in SPSS software version 22 and at a significance level of less than 0.05. Result(s): In this study, the overall mortality rate among mechanically ventilated patients was 62.5%. The mean age of patients was 69.99+/-17.87 years and the mean duration of hospitalization in surviving patients was 15.47+/-11.73 days and for deceased ones was 55.21+/-69.14 days. The mean age of the deceased group (65.71+/-16.59) was significantly higher than the surviving group 53+/-21.17 was (P=0.0001). The length of hospital stay in the deceased group was significantly longer than the surviving group (P=0.005). As a result, ventilator mode and inotropic agent intake during treatment increased the chance of mortality in patients under mechanical ventilation (P=0.001). There was a significant relationship between underlying diseases of hypertension, kidney disease and autoimmune disease with mortality in patients (P<0.05). Conclusion(s): Various factors including the length of stay in the hospital, comorbidities such as hypertension, renal disease and autoimmunity may affect the outcome of critically ill ICU patients under mechanical ventilation. Patients who require long-term invasive ventilation and the use of inotropic drugs to maintain their cardiovascular status while hospitalized in the ICU are at higher risk for mortality.Copyright © 2022 Shetabi et al. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
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Objective: Intensive care units (ICUs) collapsed under the global wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, we designed a clinical decision-making model that can help predict at hospital admission what patients with COVID-19 are at higher risk of requiring critical care. Method(s): This was a cross-sectional study in 119 patients that met hospitalization criteria for COVID-19 including less than 30 breaths per minute, peripheral oxygen saturation < 93%, and/or >= 50% lung involvement on imaging. Depending on the need for critical care, patients were retrospectively assigned to ICU and non-ICU groups. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected at admission and analyzed by classification and regression tree (CRT). Result(s): Forty-five patients were admitted to ICU and 80% of them were men older than 57.13 +/- 12.80 years on average. The leading comorbidity in ICU patients was hypertension. The CRT revealed that direct bilirubin (DB) > 0.315 mg/dl together with the neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio (NMR) > 15.90 predicted up to correctly in 92% of the patients the requirement of intensive care management, with sensitivity of 93.2%. Preexisting comorbidities did not influence on the tree growing. Conclusion(s): At hospital admission, DB and NMR can help identify nine in 10 patients with COVID-19 at higher risk of ICU admission.Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Medica del Hospital General de Mexico.
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BACKGROUND: A comprehensive screening at delivery revealed that roughly 14% of pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19 did not exhibit any symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2 antigen swab test is frequently utilized as a diagnostic technique. Inadequate implementation of health protocol compliance can enhance the vulnerability of a community to the COVID-19 virus, according to previous findings. This suggests that these health protocol compliance and the vaccination program are important for preventing and controlling the spread of the virus. AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship of vaccination history and health protocol compliance with positive antigen swab results among pregnant women at the Community Health Center in Medan. METHOD(S): This is a cross-sectional and observational study that was conducted in February 2022 at the Community Health Center in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Two hundred pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria make up the sample population. Antigen sampling for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in the Pramita laboratory. Following the collection and processing of sample and antigen swab data, IBM SPSS version was utilized to conduct statistical analysis. RESULT(S): The result showed that four of the pregnant women were infected with COVID-19, and they accounted for 2% of the sample population. The health protocol carried out by pregnant women was not significantly related to the swab results. Therefore, vaccination history had no significant association with COVID-19 symptoms, but people who received vaccines had more negative swab test results compared to those who did not, where three out of four positive samples were unvaccinated. CONCLUSION(S): Based on the results, only 2% of pregnant women were infected with COVID-19 at the Community Health Centre in Medan, because this study was carried out when COVID-19 cases had decreased. The statistical analysis results showed that the history of vaccination was not significantly related to SARS-CoV-2 antigen swab results. However, there was a clinical tendency that vaccines can reduce the number of positive cases, where three out of four positive samples were not vaccinated.Copyright © 2023 Sarma Nursani Lumbanraja, Reni Hayati, Khairani Sukatendel, Johny Marpaung, Muhammad Rusda, Edy Ardiansyah.
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Background and purpose: Adherence to the principles of personal protection and commitment to health guidelines and principles of prevention perform important roles in controlling COVID-19 in a community. In this re3search we studied necessary measures to prevent COVID-19 in university dormitories at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2021. Material(s) and Method(s): In this descriptive-analytical study, 114 students in active dormitories during the COVID-19 pandemic participated in an online survey and their views and knowledge about COVID-19 preventive measures in the dormitories were examined. The samples were recruited using census method and data were analyzed in SPSS. Result(s): The results of the Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between adherence to preventive measures and educational level (P=0.015). Following personal hygiene was found to be significantly different according to being a local student, having underlying diseases, and the number of students at rooms (P<0.05). Findings showed that physical distancing and screening had no significant relationship with any of the variables studied (P>0.05). Conclusion(s): The study showed that among the four areas investigated, personal hygiene practices and following the principles of prevention of COVID-19 were in a good condition, while physical distancing and screening were not satisfying. Therefore, university authorities should make serious changes to improve these issues at dormitories.Copyright © 2023, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Stressed people are physically, psychologically, and behaviorally damaged. This study aimed to investigate the effect of job stress on nurses' caring behaviors and quality of life related to their health during Coronavirus pandemic. Method(s): The present study is an applied and analytical research conducted cross-sectionally in 2021. The study's statistical population was 740 nurses from the hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The authors randomly selected a sample of 253 nurses using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire. The structural equation model test analyzed the collected data to measure the research hypotheses using SPSS 22 and Amos 22 software. Result(s): The standard coefficient value between stress and caring behavior is -0.47, and the significant value (t-value) is greater than 1.96 (equal to 5.350) at 95% level;therefore, the relationship between these two variables was found significant. Moreover, the standard coefficient value between job stress and quality of work life is -0.55, and the significant value (t-value) is greater than 1.96 (equal to 6.488) at the 95% level, showing a significant relationship between these two variables. Conclusion(s): Considering the obtained results, it is necessary to develop effective strategies, such as staff participation in decision-making, supervisory support, and reducing work pressure for improving working conditions and reducing nurses' occupational stress.Copyright © 2023,Sadra Medical Sciences Journal. All Rights Reserved.
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Introduction: Due to the vital importance of early diagnosis and intervention of congenital hearing loss, the aim of this study was to compare the rate of newborn hearing screening before and after the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. Material(s) and Method(s): In this study, the data related to 6144 newborns during two 18-month time periods before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine, was analyzed. Result(s): From all visited newborns, 3770 and 2374 referred to the centre before and after the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the results of screening and the referral rate of neonates before and after the pandemic (p = 0.00). The results showed that both the residents of urban and rural regions visited for newborn hearing screening less frequently after the onset of the pandemic, but no statistically significant difference was shown between the number of boys and girls before and after the pandemic (p = 0.72). Conclusion(s): Our results help gain new insights regarding the impacts of disruptive events such as pandemics on the implementation of health screening programs. Boosting public knowledge by providing families with proper education appears to be helpful in preventing the negative effects of delayed implementation of health screening programs.Copyright © 2022 International Association of Physicians in Audiology.
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BACKGROUND: The maternal mortality rate is an indicator that reflects the mother's health status, especially the risk of death for the mother during pregnancy and childbirth. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) has a close relationship with efforts to increase human development. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce MMR by identifying the factors that influence MMR. AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the factors causing the incidence of Maternal Death in East Java Province. METHOD(S): The research design used in this research is a quantitative research using descriptive-analytical. The population of this research is districts/cities in East Java Province, with a sample of 38 districts/cities. The research period starts from August to September 2021. Data analysis using grouping and percentage of cases. RESULT(S): The results of the study found that cases of maternal death in East Java due to postpartum hemorrhage in 2021 were 131 cases. Cases due to hypertension as many as 115 cases. Cases due to infection as many as 25 cases. The incidence of maternal death due to abortion is 1 case. There were 13 cases of maternal death due to blood disorders. There were 6 cases of maternal death due to metabolic disorders - cases of maternal death due to Heart as many as 54 cases. Maternal deaths due to COVID-19 were 793 cases. CONCLUSION(S): Factors causing maternal death in East Java Province, namely, hypertension bleeding, infection, abortion, blood disorders, heart metabolic disorders, and COVID-19. The most influential factor in maternal mortality in 2021 is COVID-19.Copyright © 2023 Maharani Maharani, Sutrisno Sutrisno.
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Aim: This study was aimed at examining the role of hematological parameters among COVID-19 patients in Bihar. Method(s): The study was conducted at Bhagwan Mahavir Institute of medical science, pawapuri, Bihar, India for 7 months to compare hematological parameters of red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, and white blood cells (WBCs) among patients with and without COVID-19 diagnosis. In this study, 500 patients were recruited, a study group of 250 patients testing positive and a control group of 250 testing negative. Result(s): The result showed that 160 (64%) of COVID-19 patients were male and 90 (36%) were female, while 150 (60%) of non-COVID-19 patients were male and 100 (40%) were female. The age range of COVID-19 patients was 20-90 years old;150 of these (60%) between 30 and 60 years old, 75 (30%) over 60, and the remaining 25 (10%) below 30. The non-COVID-19 patients' age range was 20-88;150 of these (60%) between 30 and 60, 55 (22%) over 60, and the remaining 45 (18%) below 30. Regarding the clinical information of COVID-19 patients, 79 of them (31.6%) were attending the hospital in critical status, 54 (21.6%) with mild symptoms, 50 (20%) asymptomatic, 52 (20.8%) with moderate symptoms, and 25 (10%) with severe symptoms. Regarding the COVID-19 patients' situation during the study period, 175 (70%) recovered and were discharged from the hospital, 25 (10%) were still ICU patients at the end of the study period, 15 (6%) were isolated in hospital wards, and 35 (14%) unfortunately passed away. Conclusion(s): Our study results indicate that mild anemia associated with leukopenia may have diagnostic value for COVID-19. Careful assessment of hematological parameters, at baseline and throughout the disease path, will assist physicians in formulating personalized approaches to treatment and promptly offer intensive care to those in greater need.Copyright © 2023, Dr Yashwant Research Labs Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019 may be associated with a white spectrum of post recovery disease complications and health impairment. The objective of this study was to evaluate and assess the different perimeters of pulmonary Function Tests and late outcome of the disease after hospital discharge at 3 and 6 months among the patients admitted with swerve COVID Pneumonia. Method(s): Our analysis consisted of comparison of the FVC at 3 and 6 months after hospital discharge in order to evaluate the disease severity with time. Result(s): A total of 41 hospitalized patients had their Pulmonary Function Tests evaluated >70% of the patients had their FVC <80% at 3 months and >12% had their FVC <80% at 6 months. To study abnormality of spirometry in severe post COVID-19 patients who were discharge from ICU hospital and complete the follow up after one month 3, 6. CONCLUSION(S): In patients who developed moderate to severe pneumonia more than 70% had abnormal FVC at 3 months. These patients were to be identified and treated with optimal management and as a result only 12% of patients had long term impairment in FVC and long term sequel. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: We aimed to compare the COVID-19 outcomes in unvaccinated and CoronaVac vaccinated older adults. Material(s) and Method(s): In this single-center study, patients aged >=65 years who were hospitalized for COVID-19 were retrospectively analyzed in two groups: unvaccinated and vaccinated. Result(s): A total of 742 patients were included. The mean age was 76.6+/-7.6 years. Of these, 46.1% (n=342) were male, 76.0% (n=564) were vaccinated. Among patients who were transferred to the intensive care unit (n=217), 206 (27.8%) received invasive mechanical ventilation support and 194 (26.1%) were died. In the multivariate analysis, advanced age (OR=1.03, 95%CI=1.01-1.06, p<0.01) and a high Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR=1.24, 95%CI=1.12-1.38, p<0.01) were predictors of mortality, while being vaccinated (OR=0.75, 95%CI=0.62-0.91, p<0.01) was associated with survival. Vaccination reduced the need for intensive care by 26.5% and mortality by 24.9 %. When the vaccinated group was evaluated, high Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR=1.428, 95%CI=1.14-1.64, p<0.01) was an independent predictor for mortality. However, booster vaccination in the last 130 days was the only protective factor that reduced mortality (p=0.04, 95%CI=0.43-0.99, OR=0.66) in multivariate analysis. Booster dose vaccination in the last 130 days reduced mortality by 33.8%. Conclusion(s): CoronaVac vaccination improved survival in hospitalized older adult patients (>=65 years old) with COVID-19. However, delaying the booster dose for more than 130 days were significantly associated with decreased survival. Therefore, older adults who completed their primary vaccination series with CoronaVac should not delay their booster dose to reduce the risk of death. Copyright © 2022, Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved.
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Background: In terms of the clinical outcome and bad prognosis of cancer, the elevation in IL-6 levels is correlated with disease progression. It is believed that the post-vaccination effect increases the levels of IL-6 antagonists, which can slow the growth of cancer cells. Method(s): This research was conducted out on all cancer patients at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital using an observational analytical research design with a cross-sectional study, with a total sample of 120 patients who were divided into groups that had and had not received vaccination. IL-6 levels were measured using blood samples. To identify the correlation between IL-6 levels and COVID-19 vaccination status, we did descriptive analysis and the Chi-square test to examine the data results. Result(s): There were 120 respondents in total, which all were processed for the analysis. out of 99 respondents who had full vaccination records. Then, 21 respondents who did not complete their vaccination status or receive the vaccine. Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in this population, which consists of 80 women and 40 males. Then, 59 respondents had increased Il-6 levels, whereas 61 respondents had normal levels. Findings of the research showed no statistically significant relationship between IL-6 levels and vaccination status (p>0.05). Conclusion(s): IL-6 levels were used to analyze the relationship between vaccination status and cancer progression, and it was shown that participants who had received immunizations had no more impact on IL-6 levels than those who had not. Legal entity responsible for the study: Rico Alfredo Hutabarat. Funding(s): Has not received any funding. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest. Copyright © 2022
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BACKGROUND: Elderly with dementia through a decline in degenerative brain function is characterized by a progressive loss of memory function and other cognitive abilities, the number of which is increasing in almost all countries. Dementia is a degenerative disease that requires long-term treatment, experienced by a number of the elderly population (over 60 years) (Vega et al., 2018). Dementia can ultimately affect social activities so that in general, it affects the independence of the elderly in daily activities. METHODS: The research design used in this research is descriptive analytical research design. The population involved in this study is the elderly in Surabaya, Indonesia, which is also the research sample for those who meet the criteria. These criteria include the elderly who are 60 years old, the elderly who are registered at the Community Health Center or Integrated Service Post, are diagnosed with dementia, do not include confirmed cases of COVID-19, live with family, have family members with a minimum high school education of at least 20 years, have and are able to operate Android mobile media, and do not suffer from complications. The sampling technique used in this study was simple random sampling with 100 respondents. RESULTS: There are three levels of independence for the elderly with dementia, namely, low independence as many as 35 respondents (35%), moderate independence as many as 51 respondents (51%), and high independence as many as 14 respondents (14%). These results are influenced by the characteristics of the elderly, family factors, and health services. CONCLUSION: Furthermore, the most of the level of independence of the elderly is moderate independence. It is hoped that the elderly can increase their level of independence. The role of various lines is needed to support this including families and health workers, but the role of the elderly itself is also an important point to increase the independence of the elderly.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated broad and extensive changes in the way people live and work, especially regarding working from home rather than commuting to a public workplace. While the general subject of working from home has recently drawn increased attention as a research focus, few studies have assessed which demographic subgroups may be more vulnerable to the potential mental health effects of working from home. Material and Methods: Data were from the Health, Ethnicity, and Pandemic Study (HEAP), a national survey conducted in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020. The effects of working from home on psychological distress in 1,577 workers were examined via logistic regression, and stratified analyses were conducted to identify vulnerable subgroups. This analytic research project was reviewed and approved for exemption by the University of California, Los Angeles Institutional Review Board. Results: After adjustment for covariates, compared to workers who were not working from home, those who were working from home had higher odds of psychological distress (OR and 95% CI = 2.74 [1.49, 5.04]). Two subgroups, i.e., younger workers (<45 years) and women were identified to be associated with elevated psychological distress (ORs and 95% CIs were 3.23 [1.82, 5.76] and 3.70 [1.64, 8.34], respectively). Conclusions: Working from home is associated with psychological distress, and these associations are stronger in younger workers and in women. These results have implications for workers’ mental health in the overall transition towards working from home in the COVID-19 pandemic era.
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Background: Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is a complex thrombotic disorder caused due to obstruction of hepatic venous outflow involving anywhere from small hepatic venules to the entrance of inferior vena cava into the right atrium. This leads to venous stasis and ischemic injury of hepatic parenchyma and sinusoids, with the risk of liver failure. The prognosis of patients with BCS had improved significantly with long-term anticoagulation and measures like Trans-Jugular-Intrahepatic-Porto-Systemic shunt (TIPS) and liver transplantation. We report the outcomes of patients who follow in our hematology practice and describe the factors predicting the need for TIPS/Liver Transplant. Methods: After appropriate Investigational Review Board permission, we identified patients with a history of BCS following in our thrombosis clinical practice from the year 2010 onwards. We evaluated their laboratory, demographic, anticoagulation data, Model of End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, Child-Pugh (CP) score at diagnosis or when earliest available, and other relevant clinical information as outlined. Descriptive statistics with medians, quartiles, frequencies, and percentages are reported. Further, we compared the two categories of patients who needed TIPS/Liver transplants versus those who did not. SAS version 9.4 was used for analysis. For continuous variables, a univariate nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used. The Fisher's Exact Test was used to associate each variable with the need for TIPS/Liver Transplant. Results: Our study included 23 patients with baseline characteristics, including median age of 36 years (11-59 years), 91% whites, 61% females, 44% smokers, 61% obese(median BMI 29.9 kg/m 2), 6 of 14 women on oral contraceptive pills, 22% with thrombosis history, 17% with stroke history, median hemoglobin 13.4 gm/dL(8.9-20 gm/dL), white blood cell count 9,400/L (3,050-31,500/L), platelet count 294,000/L(14,000-767,000/L), serum creatinine 0.87 mg/L (0.55-2.52 mg/dL), total protein 6.3 gm/dL (5.2-8.8 gm/dL), Bilirubin 2.1 mg/dL(0.1-20.2 mg/dL), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 61 U/L(16-1037 U/L), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 43U/L(18-1694 U/L), MELD score 15 (range 7-38), CP score 9 (5-14), 74% with cirrhosis, 82% with ascites at one point, 57% with myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), 4.3% with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH), 17% with Antiphospholipid antibodies positive (APS), 13% had positive antinuclear antibodies, 35% needed TIPS and 44% required liver transplantation. 57% with Janus Kinase (JAK2) V617F mutation (1 patient with a low variant allele frequency of 1%), 1 patient (4.3%) had Calreticulin (CALR) mutation positive MPN, 91% remained on long-term anticoagulation with 40% using warfarin, 35% apixaban, 9% Enoxaparin or Rivaroxaban for long-term anticoagulation, 13% developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). 8.7% had developed BCS after Ad26.COV2.S vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Excluding the patients with missing variables, 5 of 12 had Protein C deficiency, 3 or 10 had Protein S deficiency, 8 of 20 with Antithrombin (AT) deficiency, 4 of 14 with heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation, 0 of 10 with prothrombin gene mutation, 1 of 13 with hyper-homocysteinemia. 35% had gastrointestinal bleeding though 65% of patients had evidence of varices by endoscopy. When the group needing TIPS/Liver transplant/died is compared to those who did not, they had higher bilirubin, MELD, PC score, AT deficiency, cirrhosis, ascites, and JAK2 mutation (p-value significant: Table 1). With a median follow-up of 90 months, overall survival was not statistically significant between the two groups (Figure 1). Two patients (8.7%) died out of a total of 23. Conclusions: Our data indicate that in patients with BCS, neoplasms (61%), particularly MPN (57%), are very commonly diagnosed. Compared to the historical data in patients with BCS with dismal prognosis (60-80% six-month mortality rate), the overall survival had significantly improved, likely due to supportive measures like TIPS/Liver transplant and long-ter anticoagulation. Outside the established variables like CP and MELD, lower antithrombin activity and positive JAK2 mutation status also predicted a higher TIPS/Liver transplant need. [Formula presented] Disclosures: Bhatt: Partnership for health analytic research, LLC: Consultancy;Abbvie: Consultancy, Research Funding;Jazz: Research Funding;Incyte: Consultancy, Research Funding;Pfizer: Research Funding;Tolero Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Research Funding;National Marrow Donor Program: Research Funding;Abbvie: Consultancy, Research Funding;Genentech: Consultancy;Servier Pharmaceuticals LLC: Consultancy;Rigel: Consultancy. Gundabolu: BioMarin Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy;Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy;Bristol-Myers Squibb Company: Consultancy;Pfizer: Research Funding;Samus Therapeutics: Research Funding.
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Background: The awareness of people’s health knowledge and behavior on COVID-19 has helped education and health promotion policies, and examination of people’s opinions on governance measures against this disease will guide policymakers in making more decisions and responsiveness. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate people’s knowledge and behaviors toward COVID-19 and their views on adopted public policies against this disease in Maragheh, a city in the Northwest of Iran. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, analytical study that was done in urban areas of Maragheh from 13 November to 20 De-cember 2020. The sample size was estimated at 672 participants, and the sampling method was stratified random. The data collec-tion instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that consisted of four sections: demographic information, health behaviors, respondent’s knowledge of COVID-19, and their viewpoints on adopted public policies against this disease and was shared online. The one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression were used to analyze data with SPSS version 23. Results: The mean scores of people’s knowledge (6.42 ± 1.2) out of 9 and health behaviors (34.8 ± 3.9) of 36 were moderate. The majority of respondents had high levels of knowledge and also behavior about keeping the physical distance (98.5%) and proper handwashing (97.9%). Knowledge (β = 0.23) and male (β =-0.27) were the predictors of health behaviors (p < 0.001, F = 12.47). The investigation of myths on COVID-19 indicated that 17% and 41.1% of the respondents believed that alcohol consumption and using garlic and herbal drinks are effective in the prevention and 57.7% of them believed that holding the breath for 10 seconds is a sign of being healthy. People’s views on the COVID-19 control policies were assessed to be at the medium level (48.2 ± 7.5) of 65. The most effective policies against COVID-19 from the people’s opinions consisted of lockdown policies (96.4%), schools’ closure (95.9%), and constraints on intercity trips (91.3%). Conclusions: It seems necessary to strengthen measures on health knowledge promotion and implementation of health education interventions on protective behaviors of COVID-19 in such a way that right beliefs are replaced with wrong ones. Based on positive public opinions on Lockdown interventions, re-applying these policies is recommended to get the cities out of the high-risk situa-tion. © 2021, Author(s).
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The COVID-19 pandemic paralyzed the world and revealed the critical importance of supply chain management-perhaps more so than any other event in modern history-in navigating crises. The extensive scope of disruption, massive spillover of effects across countries and industries, and extreme shifts in demand and supply that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic illustrate that pandemics are qualitatively different from typical disruptions. As such, pandemics require scholars to take a fresh look at what lenses offer understanding of supply chain phenomena in order to help supply chain managers better prepare for the next pandemic and foster transiliency (i.e., the ability to simultaneously restore some processes and change-often radically-others). To help scholars and managers achieve these aims, we offer an agenda for supply chain management research on pandemics by considering how the key tenets of well-known and emergent theories can illuminate challenges and potential solutions. Specifically, we consider how resource dependence theory, institutional theory, resource orchestration theory, structural inertia, game theory, real options theory, event systems theory, awareness-motivation-capability framework, prospect theory, and tournament theory offer ideas that can help scholars build knowledge about pandemics' effects on supply chains as well as help managers formulate responses.